In 5G-enabled edge environments, massive data streams generated by heterogeneous terminals require low-latency, verifiable, and fine-grained sharing. In this paper, we propose a blockchain-based trusted data sharing architecture for edge computing, and design a collaborative mechanism that integrates slice-aware hierarchical storage, smart contract access control, and lightweight consensus scheduling. The hierarchical data path between devices, edge nodes, blockchain nodes and cloud side is constructed, which supports identity binding, traceability record, integrity verification and dynamic authorization. A practical prototype is implemented using Hyperledger Fabric, Docker, Python, and MySQL. The experiments were conducted in a prototype environment consisting of 48 logical nodes with 320,000 shared records and mixed service loads. The proposed architecture achieves an acknowledgment delay of 82.6 ms, a throughput of 2147 transactions/SEC, an integrity verification accuracy of 99.3%, and an unauthorized access interception rate of 98.7%. Compared with the static edge chain scheme, the synchronization overhead is reduced by 23.4%, and the efficiency of cross-node trust evaluation is improved by 19.8%. It has strong scalability, controllability and deployment value.
