With the rapid development of high-rise buildings in urban areas, curtain wall construction requires more efficient intelligent methods. Therefore, this paper proposes an intelligent scheduling method for curtain wall construction progress plans based on an improved genetic algorithm. Building on the exploration of intelligent technologies for curtain wall construction, an optimization model for curtain wall construction progress plans considering assembly principles was established. The improved genetic algorithm was applied to solve this model, yielding a construction progress plan with the shortest duration. The method was validated and applied in an actual 10-story office building project. The results show that this intelligent scheduling method can significantly reduce the construction schedule while considering various constraints. The total construction schedule for the aluminum cone-core composite panel curtain wall node connection project was 90 days, which was completed 5 days ahead of the contract-specified schedule. This method can provide a reference for the scheduling of similar curtain wall construction projects.