Traditional concrete materials will cause more or less damage to the ecological environment, whether from the production or application stage, while high-performance building materials can well avoid this risk of environmental damage. This paper refers to the relevant information, selects the raw materials studied in this paper, and prepares the high-performance building materials under the guidance of the preparation method and process. ABAQUS finite simulation analysis software was selected as the data analysis tool for this study, and the tool was used to investigate the thermal stress changes of high-performance building materials in extreme climatic environments. Under the action of extreme climate environment, it is found that the fiber volume content and the thermal stress of high-performance building materials have a monotonically increasing trend, and its value rises from 2.452MPa to 15.753MPa, which is a good presentation of the change rule of thermal stress in high-performance buildings, and it provides a reference for the research and development and innovation of building materials.